stackledger. Open repository
A PUBLIC LEDGER OF THE AI BUILDOUT

A public record of
the AI buildout.

Track energy, chips, infrastructure, models and applications worldwide, with deeper U.S. coverage and a horizon of 2030 and beyond.

Explore the stack ↓Read the ledger ↗
Global perspectiveU.S. in focus2030 & beyond
The five connected layers of AIAn interactive stack: energy at the foundation, then chips, infrastructure, models, and applications. Each layer links to its research dashboard.01Energy ↗Power & the grid02Chips ↗Silicon & memory03Infrastructure ↗Connected compute04Models ↗Useful intelligence05Applications ↗Real-world value
Five connected layers. Evidence at every step.
FIVE LAYERS. ONE CONNECTED PURPOSE.

From power to useful work.

Power enables chips and AI factories.
Models turn compute into capabilities; applications put them to useful work.

ComputeLAYER 02

Chips

≈13,390,128
acceleratorsJune 30, 2026

Nvidia AI accelerators shipped, cumulative since 2022 (Epoch estimate)

Historical estimateEpoch AI ↗
History & sources
Nvidia AI accelerators shipped, cumulative (Epoch estimate, year-end or latest quarter): historical checkpoints, accelerators (cumulative)13,390,128020222026
accelerators (cumulative). Historical checkpoints only. No values are interpolated.

accelerators (cumulative). Epoch AI median estimate of cumulative Nvidia data-center AI accelerators shipped since Q1 2022, one point per year: the latest complete quarter of that year. The current year is cumulative through its latest complete quarter. 5th to 95th percentile in each note. Estimate, not an Nvidia disclosure.

Nvidia AI accelerators shipped, cumulative (Epoch estimate, year-end or latest quarter)
PeriodValueEvidencePublishedSource
Year-end 2022≈834,843Historical estimatedate unlistedEpoch AI
Year-end 2023≈2,132,549Historical estimatedate unlistedEpoch AI
Year-end 2024≈5,992,099Historical estimatedate unlistedEpoch AI
Year-end 2025≈10,477,887Historical estimatedate unlistedEpoch AI
June 30, 2026≈13,390,128Historical estimatedate unlistedEpoch AI
Supporting context AMD · ≈1,159,316 accelerators (cumulative)

AMD AI accelerators shipped, cumulative (Epoch estimate, year-end or latest quarter) · June 30, 2026 · Historical estimate

Epoch AI median estimate of cumulative AMD data-center AI accelerators shipped since Q1 2024, one point per year: the latest complete quarter of that year. 5th to 95th percentile in each note. Estimate, not an AMD disclosure.

Epoch AI
History & sources
AMD AI accelerators shipped, cumulative (Epoch estimate, year-end or latest quarter): historical checkpoints, accelerators (cumulative)1,159,316020242026
accelerators (cumulative). Historical checkpoints only. No values are interpolated.

accelerators (cumulative). Epoch AI median estimate of cumulative AMD data-center AI accelerators shipped since Q1 2024, one point per year: the latest complete quarter of that year. 5th to 95th percentile in each note. Estimate, not an AMD disclosure.

AMD AI accelerators shipped, cumulative (Epoch estimate, year-end or latest quarter)
PeriodValueEvidencePublishedSource
Year-end 2024≈482,651Historical estimatedate unlistedEpoch AI
Year-end 2025≈931,167Historical estimatedate unlistedEpoch AI
June 30, 2026≈1,159,316Historical estimatedate unlistedEpoch AI
Explore chips↗
LearnLAYER 04

Models

1.75
USD / million input tokensList pricing accessed Sep 7, 2026

GPT-5.3-Codex API input list price

Reported observationOpenAI ↗

Named model, dated price. Excludes tools, subscriptions and oversight.

Explore models↗
ApplyLAYER 05

Applications

500,000
paid trips / weekMar 2026 company disclosure

Waymo One: reported paid weekly service

Reported observationWaymo / Annabel R. Chang ↗
History & sources
Waymo One · paid trips per week: historical checkpoints, paid trips / week500,000020252026
paid trips / week. Reported checkpoints; triangle marks a bound, horizontal mark the disclosed month. Service footprint changes.

paid trips / week. Paid weekly trips across the commercial markets operating at each disclosure: four markets in May 2025; ten U.S. cities in the March 2026 company post. This is a changing-footprint service series, not a same-city utilization comparison.

Waymo One · paid trips per week
PeriodValueEvidencePublishedSource
May 5, 2025 disclosure>250,000Reported observation2025-05-05Waymo
Mar 2026 company disclosure500,000Reported observationdate unlistedWaymo / Annabel R. Chang
Explore applications↗

Selected indicators, not an overall progress score. Each figure keeps its own scope, period and publisher. Inspect the raw ledger ↗

REVIEWED DEVELOPMENTS

What changed recently?

energy · development

Cape Station reports progress toward first power

In its August 12 update, Fervo reports mechanical completion of Cape Station GeoBlocks 1 and 2 and continuing commissioning. It targets first power from GeoBlock 1 in the fourth quarter of 2026, followed by initial power from GeoBlocks 2 and 3 in early 2027.

Why it matters:

Commissioning provides a nearer-term delivery checkpoint for new firm geothermal power.

Scope & qualifications

These are company-reported construction and commissioning milestones, not confirmation of commercial generation. The update covers the quarter ended June 30 and subsequent outlook; August 12 is the disclosure date, not an inferred completion date.

Event: · Reviewed:

Fervo Energy
chips · development

Indiana HBM packaging project breaks ground

SK hynix reports an August 27 groundbreaking for its Indiana advanced-packaging facility. It targets mass production in the second half of 2029.

Why it matters:

The project would add U.S. packaging and testing capacity for high-bandwidth memory used in AI systems, using wafers made in Korea.

Scope & qualifications

Groundbreaking is a reported milestone; production remains a company target. This is packaging and testing, not U.S. wafer fabrication. The company's approximately 1,000 operating positions are projected, not verified hires.

Event: · Reviewed:

SK hynix
infrastructure · development

Meta reports its first skilled-trades training graduates

Meta's August 18 update reports the first graduating cohort of America's Workforce Academy, a four-week program offering training and jobs with its partners.

Why it matters:

Fiber-technician and construction training provide a concrete pathway into the workforce building data centers.

Scope & qualifications

This is a company-reported graduation milestone and job guarantee, not a verified placement count or a measure of net national job creation. The release says graduation occurred the preceding week; it does not establish an exact graduation date.

Event: · Reviewed:

Meta
Explore the research ledger ↗
CAPITAL → INFRASTRUCTURE

The investment taking physical shape.

Explore infrastructure ↗

Building AI factories takes sustained investment in land, power, servers and networks. Follow the capital behind that buildout, with worldwide company spending kept distinct from AI-only or U.S. spending.

HISTORY + FORECASTS · USD BILLION

Global hyperscaler capital spending

Reported cash PP&E + dated outlooks · 2021–2026

Global hyperscaler cash capital spendingCompany spending and a simple total of all five covered companies. Total uses fiscal years ending in the labeled year, not aligned calendar years. USD billion.0100200300400500600700800202120222023202420252026Amazon, FY2021 ended December 31: $61.053 billion, reported cash expenditureAmazon, FY2022 ended December 31: $63.645 billion, reported cash expenditureAmazon, FY2023 ended December 31: $52.729 billion, reported cash expenditureAmazon, FY2024 ended December 31: $82.999 billion, reported cash expenditureAmazon, FY2025 ended December 31: $131.819 billion, reported cash expenditureAlphabet, FY2021 ended December 31: $24.64 billion, reported cash expenditureAlphabet, FY2022 ended December 31: $31.485 billion, reported cash expenditureAlphabet, FY2023 ended December 31: $32.251 billion, reported cash expenditureAlphabet, FY2024 ended December 31: $52.535 billion, reported cash expenditureAlphabet, FY2025 ended December 31: $91.447 billion, reported cash expenditureMeta, FY2021 ended December 31: $18.567 billion, reported cash expenditureMeta, FY2022 ended December 31: $31.186 billion, reported cash expenditureMeta, FY2023 ended December 31: $27.045 billion, reported cash expenditureMeta, FY2024 ended December 31: $37.256 billion, reported cash expenditureMeta, FY2025 ended December 31: $69.691 billion, reported cash expenditureMicrosoft, FY2021 ended June 30: $20.622 billion, reported cash expenditureMicrosoft, FY2022 ended June 30: $23.886 billion, reported cash expenditureMicrosoft, FY2023 ended June 30: $28.107 billion, reported cash expenditureMicrosoft, FY2024 ended June 30: $44.477 billion, reported cash expenditureMicrosoft, FY2025 ended June 30: $64.551 billion, reported cash expenditureOracle, FY2021 ended May 31: $2.135 billion, reported cash expenditureOracle, FY2022 ended May 31: $4.511 billion, reported cash expenditureOracle, FY2023 ended May 31: $8.695 billion, reported cash expenditureOracle, FY2024 ended May 31: $6.866 billion, reported cash expenditureOracle, FY2025 ended May 31: $21.215 billion, reported cash expenditureOracle, FY2026 ended May 31: $55.663 billion, reported cash expenditureTotal · FY2021: $127.017 billion · all five companiesTotal · FY2022: $154.713 billion · all five companiesTotal · FY2023: $148.827 billion · all five companiesTotal · FY2024: $224.133 billion · all five companiesTotal · FY2025: $378.723 billion · all five companies2026 total outlook: 775.663–800.663 USD billion; mixed fiscal/calendar basisAmazon · CY2026 guidance · forecast 220 USD billionAlphabet · CY2026 guidance · forecast 195 USD billionMeta · CY2026 guidance · forecast 130 USD billionMicrosoft · CY2026 guidance · forecast 175 USD billion
Amazon FY ends December 31Alphabet FY ends December 31Meta FY ends December 31Microsoft FY ends June 30Oracle FY ends May 31Total · all fiveFiscal-year sum; differing end datesDashed / hollow: latest outlookMixed actual/guidance; fiscal/calendar bases differ

Total sums all five companies by fiscal year ending in the labeled year. Fiscal dates and accounting bases differ. Incomplete years have no total; missing values are never zero. Solid lines show reported spending; dashed lines show the latest outlook. Older forecasts remain in the evidence table below.

SPENDING OUTLOOK · USD BILLION

Latest spending & guidance

Hatched = forecast · solid = actual · bars start at zero

Total · all five displayed amounts≈$775.7–$800.7B

Simple sum of these bars: mixes calendar-year guidance and Oracle’s fiscal-year actual. This is not a uniform calendar-year forecast.

Amazon$≈220B
CY2026 guidance · Forecast · Associated Press · 2026-07-30 ↗
Alphabet$195–205B
CY2026 guidance · Forecast · Associated Press · 2026-07-30 ↗
Microsoft$≈175B
CY2026 guidance · Forecast · Microsoft · 2026-07-29 ↗
Meta$130–145B
CY2026 guidance · Forecast · Meta · 2026-07-29 ↗
Oracle$55.663B
FY2026 ended May 31 · Reported actual · Oracle · publication date unlisted ↗

Oracle is a completed fiscal year; the other bars are calendar-year guidance. Definitions differ, including lease treatment. Amazon and Alphabet outlooks are attributed to AP earnings reporting.

Data, accounting differences & sources

Simple sums use reported fiscal years ending in the labeled year, with all five companies required. Fiscal periods and cash/lease accounting differ. Totals describe this covered group, not calendar-year, AI-only or U.S. investment. Latest-bar sums mix explicitly labeled actuals and guidance and are not a uniform forecast.

  • Amazon: Annual cash-flow statement PP&E purchases/additions; excludes noncash lease additions and finance-lease principal repayments. Amazon figures are gross of sales and incentives. Guidance: CY2026 cash capex guidance reported by AP from the July earnings call; includes businesses beyond AWS. Primary transcript remains a follow-up.
  • Alphabet: Annual cash-flow statement PP&E purchases/additions; excludes noncash lease additions and finance-lease principal repayments. Company-wide cash investment as reported. Guidance: CY2026 guidance reported by AP from July earnings. Primary transcript remains a follow-up.
  • Meta: Annual cash-flow statement PP&E purchases/additions; excludes noncash lease additions and finance-lease principal repayments. Meta historical cash PP&E is net of disposal proceeds where reported; retained on the later comparative basis. Guidance: CY2026 guidance includes finance-lease principal payments, unlike the historical cash PP&E series.
  • Microsoft: Annual cash-flow statement PP&E purchases/additions; excludes noncash lease additions and finance-lease principal repayments. Company-wide cash investment as reported. Guidance: CY2026 guidance after lease reclassification; finance leases included, operating leases excluded. Investment expectations unchanged apart from accounting impact.
  • Oracle: Annual cash-flow statement PP&E purchases/additions; excludes noncash lease additions and finance-lease principal repayments. Oracle uses reported GAAP capex, before financing/prepayment adjustments.
Capital spending · USD billion
CompanyPeriodUSD billionClassificationSource & scope
AmazonFY2021 ended December 3161.053Reported cash expenditureAmazon · publication date unlisted ↗
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. Reported cash expenditure; converted from USD millions to billions.
AmazonFY2022 ended December 3163.645Reported cash expenditureAmazon · publication date unlisted ↗
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. Reported cash expenditure; converted from USD millions to billions.
AmazonFY2023 ended December 3152.729Reported cash expenditureAmazon · publication date unlisted ↗
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. Reported cash expenditure; converted from USD millions to billions.
AmazonFY2024 ended December 3182.999Reported cash expenditureAmazon · publication date unlisted ↗
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. Reported cash expenditure; converted from USD millions to billions.
AmazonFY2025 ended December 31131.819Reported cash expenditureAmazon · publication date unlisted ↗
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2025. Reported cash expenditure; converted from USD millions to billions.
AlphabetFY2021 ended December 3124.64Reported cash expenditureAlphabet · publication date unlisted ↗
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. Reported cash expenditure; converted from USD millions to billions.
AlphabetFY2022 ended December 3131.485Reported cash expenditureAlphabet · publication date unlisted ↗
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. Reported cash expenditure; converted from USD millions to billions.
AlphabetFY2023 ended December 3132.251Reported cash expenditureAlphabet · publication date unlisted ↗
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. Reported cash expenditure; converted from USD millions to billions.
AlphabetFY2024 ended December 3152.535Reported cash expenditureAlphabet · publication date unlisted ↗
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. Reported cash expenditure; converted from USD millions to billions.
AlphabetFY2025 ended December 3191.447Reported cash expenditureAlphabet · publication date unlisted ↗
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2025. Reported cash expenditure; converted from USD millions to billions.
MetaFY2021 ended December 3118.567Reported cash expenditureMeta · publication date unlisted ↗
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. Net PP&E cash purchases; comparative presentation retained.
MetaFY2022 ended December 3131.186Reported cash expenditureMeta · publication date unlisted ↗
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. Net PP&E cash purchases; comparative presentation retained.
MetaFY2023 ended December 3127.045Reported cash expenditureMeta · publication date unlisted ↗
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. Net PP&E cash purchases; comparative presentation retained.
MetaFY2024 ended December 3137.256Reported cash expenditureMeta · publication date unlisted ↗
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. Net PP&E cash purchases; comparative presentation retained.
MetaFY2025 ended December 3169.691Reported cash expenditureMeta · publication date unlisted ↗
Fiscal year ended December 31, 2025. Net PP&E cash purchases; comparative presentation retained.
MicrosoftFY2021 ended June 3020.622Reported cash expenditureMicrosoft · publication date unlisted ↗
Fiscal year ended June 30, 2021. Reported cash expenditure; converted from USD millions to billions.
MicrosoftFY2022 ended June 3023.886Reported cash expenditureMicrosoft · publication date unlisted ↗
Fiscal year ended June 30, 2022. Reported cash expenditure; converted from USD millions to billions.
MicrosoftFY2023 ended June 3028.107Reported cash expenditureMicrosoft · publication date unlisted ↗
Fiscal year ended June 30, 2023. Reported cash expenditure; converted from USD millions to billions.
MicrosoftFY2024 ended June 3044.477Reported cash expenditureMicrosoft · publication date unlisted ↗
Fiscal year ended June 30, 2024. Reported cash expenditure; converted from USD millions to billions.
MicrosoftFY2025 ended June 3064.551Reported cash expenditureMicrosoft · publication date unlisted ↗
Fiscal year ended June 30, 2025. Reported cash expenditure; converted from USD millions to billions.
OracleFY2021 ended May 312.135Reported cash expenditureOracle · publication date unlisted ↗
Fiscal year ended May 31, 2021. Reported cash expenditure; converted from USD millions to billions.
OracleFY2022 ended May 314.511Reported cash expenditureOracle · publication date unlisted ↗
Fiscal year ended May 31, 2022. Reported cash expenditure; converted from USD millions to billions.
OracleFY2023 ended May 318.695Reported cash expenditureOracle · publication date unlisted ↗
Fiscal year ended May 31, 2023. Reported cash expenditure; converted from USD millions to billions.
OracleFY2024 ended May 316.866Reported cash expenditureOracle · publication date unlisted ↗
Fiscal year ended May 31, 2024. Reported cash expenditure; converted from USD millions to billions.
OracleFY2025 ended May 3121.215Reported cash expenditureOracle · publication date unlisted ↗
Fiscal year ended May 31, 2025. Reported cash expenditure; converted from USD millions to billions.
OracleFY2026 ended May 3155.663Reported cash expenditureOracle · publication date unlisted ↗
Fiscal year ended May 31, 2026. Reported cash expenditure; converted from USD millions to billions.
Total · all fiveFiscal years ended 2021127.017Derived sum of reported actualsAmazon: 61.053 · Amazon · publication date unlisted ↗ + Alphabet: 24.64 · Alphabet · publication date unlisted ↗ + Meta: 18.567 · Meta · publication date unlisted ↗ + Microsoft: 20.622 · Microsoft · publication date unlisted ↗ + Oracle: 2.135 · Oracle · publication date unlisted ↗
Total · all fiveFiscal years ended 2022154.713Derived sum of reported actualsAmazon: 63.645 · Amazon · publication date unlisted ↗ + Alphabet: 31.485 · Alphabet · publication date unlisted ↗ + Meta: 31.186 · Meta · publication date unlisted ↗ + Microsoft: 23.886 · Microsoft · publication date unlisted ↗ + Oracle: 4.511 · Oracle · publication date unlisted ↗
Total · all fiveFiscal years ended 2023148.827Derived sum of reported actualsAmazon: 52.729 · Amazon · publication date unlisted ↗ + Alphabet: 32.251 · Alphabet · publication date unlisted ↗ + Meta: 27.045 · Meta · publication date unlisted ↗ + Microsoft: 28.107 · Microsoft · publication date unlisted ↗ + Oracle: 8.695 · Oracle · publication date unlisted ↗
Total · all fiveFiscal years ended 2024224.133Derived sum of reported actualsAmazon: 82.999 · Amazon · publication date unlisted ↗ + Alphabet: 52.535 · Alphabet · publication date unlisted ↗ + Meta: 37.256 · Meta · publication date unlisted ↗ + Microsoft: 44.477 · Microsoft · publication date unlisted ↗ + Oracle: 6.866 · Oracle · publication date unlisted ↗
Total · all fiveFiscal years ended 2025378.723Derived sum of reported actualsAmazon: 131.819 · Amazon · publication date unlisted ↗ + Alphabet: 91.447 · Alphabet · publication date unlisted ↗ + Meta: 69.691 · Meta · publication date unlisted ↗ + Microsoft: 64.551 · Microsoft · publication date unlisted ↗ + Oracle: 21.215 · Oracle · publication date unlisted ↗
Older forecast total · all fiveCY2026581September 2025 consensus forecastApollo · publication date unlisted ↗ · Sum of the five published rounded company values.
Older forecast total · all fiveCY2027660September 2025 consensus forecastApollo · publication date unlisted ↗ · Sum of the five published rounded company values.
Older forecast total · all fiveCY2028697September 2025 consensus forecastApollo · publication date unlisted ↗ · Sum of the five published rounded company values.
Older forecast total · all fiveCY2029730September 2025 consensus forecastApollo · publication date unlisted ↗ · Sum of the five published rounded company values.
Amazon · older forecastCY2026 · September 2025 consensus≈147ForecastApollo · publication date unlisted ↗ · Older analyst consensus as reproduced by Apollo, exhibit 8 (page 6). Forecasts are not later actuals; current 2026 guidance is substantially higher.
Amazon · older forecastCY2027 · September 2025 consensus≈167ForecastApollo · publication date unlisted ↗ · Older analyst consensus as reproduced by Apollo, exhibit 8 (page 6). Forecasts are not later actuals; current 2026 guidance is substantially higher.
Amazon · older forecastCY2028 · September 2025 consensus≈160ForecastApollo · publication date unlisted ↗ · Older analyst consensus as reproduced by Apollo, exhibit 8 (page 6). Forecasts are not later actuals; current 2026 guidance is substantially higher.
Amazon · older forecastCY2029 · September 2025 consensus≈172ForecastApollo · publication date unlisted ↗ · Older analyst consensus as reproduced by Apollo, exhibit 8 (page 6). Forecasts are not later actuals; current 2026 guidance is substantially higher.
Alphabet · older forecastCY2026 · September 2025 consensus≈127ForecastApollo · publication date unlisted ↗ · Older analyst consensus as reproduced by Apollo, exhibit 8 (page 6). Forecasts are not later actuals; current 2026 guidance is substantially higher.
Alphabet · older forecastCY2027 · September 2025 consensus≈137ForecastApollo · publication date unlisted ↗ · Older analyst consensus as reproduced by Apollo, exhibit 8 (page 6). Forecasts are not later actuals; current 2026 guidance is substantially higher.
Alphabet · older forecastCY2028 · September 2025 consensus≈149ForecastApollo · publication date unlisted ↗ · Older analyst consensus as reproduced by Apollo, exhibit 8 (page 6). Forecasts are not later actuals; current 2026 guidance is substantially higher.
Alphabet · older forecastCY2029 · September 2025 consensus≈159ForecastApollo · publication date unlisted ↗ · Older analyst consensus as reproduced by Apollo, exhibit 8 (page 6). Forecasts are not later actuals; current 2026 guidance is substantially higher.
Meta · older forecastCY2026 · September 2025 consensus≈112ForecastApollo · publication date unlisted ↗ · Older analyst consensus as reproduced by Apollo, exhibit 8 (page 6). Forecasts are not later actuals; current 2026 guidance is substantially higher.
Meta · older forecastCY2027 · September 2025 consensus≈127ForecastApollo · publication date unlisted ↗ · Older analyst consensus as reproduced by Apollo, exhibit 8 (page 6). Forecasts are not later actuals; current 2026 guidance is substantially higher.
Meta · older forecastCY2028 · September 2025 consensus≈139ForecastApollo · publication date unlisted ↗ · Older analyst consensus as reproduced by Apollo, exhibit 8 (page 6). Forecasts are not later actuals; current 2026 guidance is substantially higher.
Meta · older forecastCY2029 · September 2025 consensus≈167ForecastApollo · publication date unlisted ↗ · Older analyst consensus as reproduced by Apollo, exhibit 8 (page 6). Forecasts are not later actuals; current 2026 guidance is substantially higher.
Microsoft · older forecastCY2026 · September 2025 consensus≈153ForecastApollo · publication date unlisted ↗ · Older analyst consensus as reproduced by Apollo, exhibit 8 (page 6). Forecasts are not later actuals; current 2026 guidance is substantially higher.
Microsoft · older forecastCY2027 · September 2025 consensus≈167ForecastApollo · publication date unlisted ↗ · Older analyst consensus as reproduced by Apollo, exhibit 8 (page 6). Forecasts are not later actuals; current 2026 guidance is substantially higher.
Microsoft · older forecastCY2028 · September 2025 consensus≈172ForecastApollo · publication date unlisted ↗ · Older analyst consensus as reproduced by Apollo, exhibit 8 (page 6). Forecasts are not later actuals; current 2026 guidance is substantially higher.
Microsoft · older forecastCY2029 · September 2025 consensus≈153ForecastApollo · publication date unlisted ↗ · Older analyst consensus as reproduced by Apollo, exhibit 8 (page 6). Forecasts are not later actuals; current 2026 guidance is substantially higher.
Oracle · older forecastCY2026 · September 2025 consensus≈42ForecastApollo · publication date unlisted ↗ · Older analyst consensus as reproduced by Apollo, exhibit 8 (page 6). Forecasts are not later actuals; current 2026 guidance is substantially higher.
Oracle · older forecastCY2027 · September 2025 consensus≈62ForecastApollo · publication date unlisted ↗ · Older analyst consensus as reproduced by Apollo, exhibit 8 (page 6). Forecasts are not later actuals; current 2026 guidance is substantially higher.
Oracle · older forecastCY2028 · September 2025 consensus≈77ForecastApollo · publication date unlisted ↗ · Older analyst consensus as reproduced by Apollo, exhibit 8 (page 6). Forecasts are not later actuals; current 2026 guidance is substantially higher.
Oracle · older forecastCY2029 · September 2025 consensus≈79ForecastApollo · publication date unlisted ↗ · Older analyst consensus as reproduced by Apollo, exhibit 8 (page 6). Forecasts are not later actuals; current 2026 guidance is substantially higher.
AmazonCY2026 guidance≈220Forecast / company guidanceAssociated Press · 2026-07-30 ↗
CY2026 cash capex guidance reported by AP from the July earnings call; includes businesses beyond AWS. Primary transcript remains a follow-up.
AlphabetCY2026 guidance195–205Forecast / company guidanceAssociated Press · 2026-07-30 ↗
CY2026 guidance reported by AP from July earnings. Primary transcript remains a follow-up.
MicrosoftCY2026 guidance≈175Forecast / company guidanceMicrosoft · 2026-07-29 ↗
CY2026 guidance after lease reclassification; finance leases included, operating leases excluded. Investment expectations unchanged apart from accounting impact.
MetaCY2026 guidance130–145Forecast / company guidanceMeta · 2026-07-29 ↗
CY2026 guidance includes finance-lease principal payments, unlike the historical cash PP&E series.

Reviewed 2026-09-09. Values retain source precision. No inflation adjustment.

  • Oracle has a reported FY2026 result; no verified calendar-2026 guidance is included.
  • Amazon and Alphabet July guidance is attributed to AP earnings reporting; obtain primary transcripts before changing its attribution.
  • No complete 2030 company-by-company forecast is verified. The 2026–2029 analyst vintage is older than current guidance and is kept separate.
  • J.P. Morgan August 2026 chart was not merged: its public caption labels U.S. spending and does not supply numeric company-by-company values.
Download accepted observations ↗
WHERE IT IS HAPPENING

The buildout, on the map.

Mapped projects and model developer officesCity and county orientation points. Layer colors remain visible in shared markers. Planned locations are outlined. Offices are separate from projects.Clark County, NV · 1 mapped recordsBeaver County, UT · 2 mapped records2Dauphin County, PA · 1 mapped recordsMount Pleasant village, WI · 2 mapped records2Abilene city, TX · 2 mapped records2Richland Parish, LA · 1 mapped recordsMemphis city, TN · 3 mapped records3Grimes County, TX · 1 mapped recordsAustin city, TX · 4 mapped records4Phoenix city, AZ · 6 mapped records6West Lafayette city, IN · 1 mapped recordsPeoria city, AZ · 1 mapped recordsChandler city, AZ · 1 mapped recordsNew Albany city, OH · 3 mapped records3Taylor city, TX · 1 mapped recordsNew Carlisle town, IN · 1 mapped recordsSanta Teresa CDP, NM · 1 mapped recordsPort Washington city, WI · 1 mapped recordsShackelford County, TX · 1 mapped recordsBurlington CDP, TX · 1 mapped recordsWashtenaw County, MI · 1 mapped recordsLordstown village, OH · 1 mapped recordsAtlanta, GA · 2 mapped records2Dallas, TX · 2 mapped records2Denver, CO · 1 mapped recordsHouston, TX · 2 mapped records2Los Angeles, CA · 1 mapped recordsMiami, FL · 2 mapped records2Nashville, TN · 1 mapped recordsOrlando, FL · 2 mapped records2San Antonio, TX · 1 mapped recordsSan Diego, CA · 1 mapped recordsSan Francisco, CA · 5 mapped records5Tampa, FL · 2 mapped records2Baltimore, MD · 1 mapped recordsBoston, MA · 1 mapped recordsCharlotte, NC · 1 mapped recordsChicago, IL · 1 mapped recordsDetroit, MI · 1 mapped recordsLas Vegas, NV · 1 mapped recordsLondon, GB · 2 mapped records2Minneapolis, MN · 1 mapped recordsNew Orleans, LA · 1 mapped recordsNew York, NY · 1 mapped recordsPhiladelphia, PA · 1 mapped recordsPittsburgh, PA · 1 mapped recordsPortland, OR · 1 mapped recordsSacramento, CA · 1 mapped recordsSeattle, WA · 3 mapped records3St. Louis, MO · 1 mapped recordsTokyo, JP · 1 mapped recordsWashington, DC · 1 mapped recordsFlowery Branch city, GA · 1 mapped recordsSouthaven city, MS · 2 mapped records2Van Buren County, MI · 1 mapped recordsOak Ridge city, TN · 1 mapped recordsLincoln County, WY · 1 mapped recordsTemple city, TX · 1 mapped recordsCaddo Parish, LA · 1 mapped recordsBossier Parish, LA · 1 mapped recordsPine Island city, MN · 1 mapped recordsTulsa city, OK · 1 mapped recordsOnondaga County, NY · 1 mapped recordsBoise City city, ID · 2 mapped records2Cheongju-si, KR · 1 mapped recordsSingapore, SG · 4 mapped records4Lappeenranta, FI · 1 mapped recordsMäntsälä, FI · 1 mapped recordsLille, FR · 1 mapped recordsLancaster city, PA · 1 mapped recordsKaohsiung, TW · 2 mapped records2Berkeley County, SC · 1 mapped recordsDouglas County, GA · 2 mapped records2Council Bluffs, IA · 1 mapped recordsColumbus, OH · 1 mapped recordsFort Wayne, IN · 1 mapped recordsHenderson, NV · 1 mapped recordsJackson County, AL · 1 mapped recordsLancaster, OH · 1 mapped recordsLenoir, NC · 1 mapped recordsLoudoun County, VA · 1 mapped recordsMayes County, OK · 1 mapped recordsMesa, AZ · 3 mapped records3Midlothian, TX · 1 mapped recordsMontgomery County, TN · 1 mapped recordsOmaha, NE · 1 mapped recordsPapillion, NE · 1 mapped recordsPrince William County, VA · 1 mapped recordsStorey County, NV · 1 mapped recordsThe Dalles, OR · 1 mapped recordsRed Oak, TX · 1 mapped recordsCedar Rapids, IA · 1 mapped recordsChesterfield County, VA · 1 mapped recordsStillwater, OK · 1 mapped recordsDublin, IE · 1 mapped recordsFredericia, DK · 1 mapped recordsHamina, FI · 1 mapped recordsHanau, DE · 1 mapped recordsInzai, JP · 1 mapped recordsQuilicura, CL · 1 mapped recordsWaltham Cross, GB · 1 mapped recordsWinschoten, NL · 1 mapped recordsBurke County, GA · 1 mapped recordsScurry County, TX · 1 mapped recordsVirginia Beach, VA · 1 mapped recordsHsinchu, TW · 1 mapped recordsTainan, TW · 1 mapped recordsTaichung, TW · 1 mapped recordsNanjing, CN · 1 mapped recordsLugano, CH · 1 mapped recordsKajaani, FI · 1 mapped recordsSpartanburg County, SC · 1 mapped recordsLeipzig, DE · 1 mapped recordsOdense, DK · 1 mapped recordsLuleå, SE · 1 mapped recordsHuntsville, AL · 1 mapped recordsMontgomery, AL · 1 mapped recordsSocial Circle, GA · Stanton Springs area · 1 mapped recordsKuna, ID · 1 mapped recordsDeKalb, IL · 1 mapped recordsJeffersonville, IN · 1 mapped recordsLebanon, IN · 1 mapped recordsAltoona, IA · 1 mapped recordsRosemount, MN · 1 mapped recordsKansas City, MO · 1 mapped recordsSarpy County, NE · 1 mapped recordsLos Lunas, NM · 1 mapped recordsForest City, NC · 1 mapped recordsBowling Green, OH · 1 mapped recordsPrineville, OR · 1 mapped recordsAiken, SC · 1 mapped recordsGallatin, TN · 1 mapped recordsEl Paso, TX · 1 mapped recordsFort Worth, TX · 1 mapped recordsEagle Mountain, UT · 1 mapped recordsHenrico County, VA · 1 mapped recordsBeaver Dam, WI · 1 mapped recordsCheyenne, WY · 1 mapped recordsMason County, WV · 1 mapped recordsNarvik, NO · 1 mapped recordsAbu Dhabi, AE · 1 mapped recordsLuzerne County, PA · 1 mapped recordsBucks County, PA · 1 mapped recordsRichmond County, NC · 1 mapped recordsButts County, GA · 1 mapped recordsMadison County, MS · 1 mapped recordsWarren County, MS · 1 mapped recordsHinds County, MS · 1 mapped recordsDickens County, TX · 1 mapped recordsVisakhapatnam, IN · 1 mapped recordsSydney, Australia · Eastern Creek project orientation · 1 mapped recordsSanta Clara, CA, U.S. · 1 mapped recordsRedmond, WA, U.S. · 1 mapped recordsMenlo Park, CA, U.S. · 1 mapped recordsPalo Alto, CA, U.S. · 1 mapped recordsParis, FR · 1 mapped recordsToronto, Canada · 1 mapped records

144 mapped project records · power, chips and AI factories

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WHAT MODELS CAN DO

Follow the capability frontier.

Epoch Capabilities Index over model release datesPublished model scores, not productivity or percent intelligence. The frontier follows the highest score available by release date.4060801001201401601802023202420252026GPT-6 Astra · 2026-09-03 · ECI 166.57; 90% interval 163.34–171.7Claude Fable 5.1 · 2026-09-01 · ECI 164.24; 90% interval 161.3–167.85Claude Fable 5 · 2026-06-09 · ECI 163.41; 90% interval 160.68–167.1Claude Opus 5 · 2026-07-24 · ECI 162.59; 90% interval 160.09–165.69GPT-5.5 Pro · 2026-04-23 · ECI 162.26; 90% interval 159.3–165.37GPT-5.6 Sol · 2026-07-09 · ECI 161.76; 90% interval 159.53–164.88GPT-5.6 Terra · 2026-07-09 · ECI 159.15; 90% interval 156.64–161.84GPT-5.5 · 2026-04-23 · ECI 159.14; 90% interval 156.91–161.87GPT-5.4 Pro · 2026-03-05 · ECI 158.93; 90% interval 156.35–161.87Claude Opus 4.8 · 2026-05-28 · ECI 158.32; 90% interval 156.33–160.46Kimi K3 · 2026-07-16 · ECI 157.64; 90% interval 155.01–160.58Gemini 3.7 Flash · 2026-08-13 · ECI 157.44; 90% interval 155.52–160.08GPT-5.4 · 2026-03-05 · ECI 156.86; 90% interval 155.05–158.79Qwen 3.8 Max · 2026-08-02 · ECI 156.62; 90% interval 154.45–158.45GPT-5.3 Codex · 2026-02-05 · ECI 156.59; 90% interval 154.13–159.41Claude Opus 4.7 · 2026-04-16 · ECI 156.34; 90% interval 154.45–158.34Grok 4.6 · 2026-08-12 · ECI 156.34; 90% interval 154.57–158.47GPT-5.6 Luna · 2026-07-09 · ECI 156.31; 90% interval 153.75–158.49Claude Sonnet 5 · 2026-06-30 · ECI 156.23; 90% interval 153.39–158.5Muse Spark 1.2 · 2026-08-05 · ECI 155.49; 90% interval 153.76–158.7DeepSeek V4 Pro 0813 · 2026-08-13 · ECI 155.44; 90% interval 153.65–157.54Claude Opus 4.6 · 2026-02-05 · ECI 155.34; 90% interval 153.51–157.14GPT-5.2 Pro · 2025-12-11 · ECI 155.34; 90% interval 153.04–157.88GLM-5.3 · 2026-08-14 · ECI 155.25; 90% interval 153.15–157.51Gemini 3.1 Pro · 2026-02-19 · ECI 155; 90% interval 152.77–157.56Gemini 3.5 Flash · 2026-05-19 · ECI 154.69; 90% interval 152.76–156.78Muse Spark 1.1 · 2026-07-09 · ECI 154.64; 90% interval 152.26–157.96DeepSeek V4 Flash 0731 · 2026-07-31 · ECI 154.49; 90% interval 152.05–156.45Gemini 3.6 Flash · 2026-07-21 · ECI 154.32; 90% interval 152.6–156.05Grok 4.5 · 2026-07-08 · ECI 153.92; 90% interval 152.32–155.71Qwen3.7-Max · 2026-05-19 · ECI 153.72; 90% interval 151.87–155.95GPT-5.2 · 2025-12-11 · ECI 153.49; 90% interval 151.77–155.17Gemini 3 Pro · 2025-11-18 · ECI 153.01; 90% interval 151.16–154.96Claude Sonnet 4.6 · 2026-02-17 · ECI 152.29; 90% interval 149.78–154.35Muse Spark · 2026-04-08 · ECI 152.13; 90% interval 150.18–155.41Grok 4.20 · 2026-02-17 · ECI 152.03; 90% interval 149.08–154.45GLM-5.2 · 2026-06-16 · ECI 151.88; 90% interval 150.11–153.88Gemini 3 Flash · 2025-12-17 · ECI 151.84; 90% interval 150.5–153.45GLM-5.3-Flash · 2026-08-20 · ECI 151.45; 90% interval 148.96–153.42Kimi K2.6 · 2026-04-20 · ECI 151.01; 90% interval 149.07–152.65GPT-5 Pro · 2025-10-07 · ECI 150.28; 90% interval 148.77–152.52Claude Opus 4.5 · 2025-11-24 · ECI 150.11; 90% interval 148–152.85Kimi K2.7 Code · 2026-06-12 · ECI 150.1; 90% interval 148.39–151.76GPT-5 · 2025-08-07 · ECI 150; interval not supplied for this anchorGLM-5.1 · 2026-04-07 · ECI 149.73; 90% interval 147.65–151.48GPT-5.1 · 2025-11-13 · ECI 149.65; 90% interval 148.34–151.05Qwen 3.6 Max (Preview) · 2026-04-20 · ECI 149.3; 90% interval 147.55–152.27Grok 4.3 Beta · 2026-04-17 · ECI 149.18; 90% interval 147.59–150.59DeepSeek-V4-Pro · 2026-04-24 · ECI 149.1; 90% interval 147.29–150.44GPT-5.4 Mini · 2026-03-17 · ECI 148.98; 90% interval 147.08–150.7Kimi K2.5 · 2026-01-27 · ECI 148.03; 90% interval 146.24–149.09Qwen 3.6 Plus · 2026-03-31 · ECI 147.69; 90% interval 145.8–149.26o3-pro · 2025-06-10 · ECI 147.45; 90% interval 145.86–150.15Qwen3.7-Plus · 2026-06-02 · ECI 147.42; 90% interval 145.83–148.78Qwen3.5 397B-A17B · 2026-02-13 · ECI 146.98; 90% interval 145.27–148.83o3 · 2025-04-16 · ECI 146.91; 90% interval 144.99–148.44Claude Sonnet 4.5 · 2025-09-29 · ECI 146.85; 90% interval 145.32–148.21Qwen 3.5 Plus (hosted 397B-A17B) · 2026-02-16 · ECI 146.75; 90% interval 144.6–147.94Qwen3.6 27B · 2026-04-22 · ECI 146.51; 90% interval 144.53–147.8Grok 4 · 2025-07-09 · ECI 146.45; 90% interval 144.39–148.14DeepSeek-V3.2 · 2025-12-01 · ECI 146.2; 90% interval 144.34–147.39DeepSeek-V4-Flash · 2026-04-24 · ECI 146.12; 90% interval 143.67–147.87GPT-5.4 Nano · 2026-03-17 · ECI 145.87; 90% interval 143.46–147.52GLM-5 · 2026-02-11 · ECI 145.87; 90% interval 143.94–147.8Kimi K2 Thinking · 2025-11-06 · ECI 145.77; 90% interval 143.31–147.12o4-mini · 2025-04-16 · ECI 145.66; 90% interval 143.29–147.27GPT-5 mini · 2025-08-07 · ECI 145.54; 90% interval 143.51–147.11Gemini 2.5 Pro (Jun 2025) · 2025-06-05 · ECI 145.27; 90% interval 143.59–146.71Gemini 3.5 Flash-Lite · 2026-07-21 · ECI 145.14; 90% interval 142.4–146.7DeepSeek-V3.2-Exp · 2025-09-29 · ECI 145.03; 90% interval 142.53–147Qwen3.7 Flash · 2026-07-27 · ECI 144.64; 90% interval 142.69–147.52Grok 4 Fast · 2025-09-19 · ECI 144.22; 90% interval 141.74–146.28Gemini 2.5 Pro (Mar 2025) · 2025-03-31 · ECI 144.17; 90% interval 141.94–146.84Claude Opus 4.1 · 2025-08-05 · ECI 144.12; 90% interval 141.76–145.99Qwen 3.5 Flash (hosted 35B-A3B) · 2026-02-25 · ECI 144.01; 90% interval 141.92–145.67Qwen3-235B-A22B-Thinking (Jul 2025) · 2025-07-25 · ECI 143.88; 90% interval 141.77–145.36Qwen 3.6 35B-A3B · 2026-04-14 · ECI 143.87; 90% interval 141.31–146GLM-4.7 · 2025-12-22 · ECI 143.47; 90% interval 141.16–145.49Qwen 3.6 Flash · 2026-04-27 · ECI 143.28; 90% interval 140.98–144.78Gemini 2.5 Flash (Sep 2025) · 2025-09-25 · ECI 143; 90% interval 139.77–146.62Claude Opus 4 · 2025-05-22 · ECI 142.68; 90% interval 140.58–144.11Gemma 4 31B IT · 2026-04-02 · ECI 142.68; 90% interval 140.28–144.75Qwen3.5-35B-A3B · 2026-02-24 · ECI 142.54; 90% interval 140.22–144.87GPT-5.5 Instant · 2026-05-05 · ECI 142.52; 90% interval 139.99–145.21Gemini 2.5 Pro (May 2025) · 2025-05-06 · ECI 142.48; 90% interval 139.15–145.14Qwen3-Max · 2025-09-24 · ECI 142.44; 90% interval 140.12–144.73Claude Haiku 4.5 · 2025-10-15 · ECI 142.39; 90% interval 139.47–144.03Gemma 4 26B A4B · 2026-04-02 · ECI 141.87; 90% interval 138.55–143.58o1 · 2024-12-17 · ECI 141.87; 90% interval 139.83–143.14Claude Sonnet 4 · 2025-05-22 · ECI 141.69; 90% interval 138.85–143.08Gemini 2.5 Flash (May 2025) · 2025-05-20 · ECI 141.55; 90% interval 139.51–142.98DeepSeek-R1 (May 2025) · 2025-05-28 · ECI 141.3; 90% interval 139.17–142.91Mistral Medium 3.5 · 2026-04-28 · ECI 141.29; 90% interval 138.78–143.1Claude 3.7 Sonnet · 2025-02-24 · ECI 141.17; 90% interval 139.01–142.68Gemini 2.5 Flash (Jun 2025) · 2025-06-17 · ECI 140.53; 90% interval 138.18–141.98o3-mini · 2025-01-31 · ECI 140.36; 90% interval 137.47–141.8Grok-3 mini · 2025-06-24 · ECI 140.36; 90% interval 137.67–142.02Kimi K2 (Jul 2025) · 2025-07-12 · ECI 140.12; 90% interval 136.65–142.03gpt-oss-120b · 2025-08-05 · ECI 140.11; 90% interval 135.39–142.42Gemini 2.5 Flash (Apr 2025) · 2025-04-17 · ECI 139.98; 90% interval 136.37–142.05DeepSeek-V3.1 · 2025-08-21 · ECI 139.93; 90% interval 135.79–143.19Qwen3-30B-A3B-Thinking (Jul 2025) · 2025-07-30 · ECI 139.65; 90% interval 135.15–141.06Qwen3.5-9B · 2026-02-24 · ECI 139.45; 90% interval 136.59–141.07GPT-5 nano · 2025-08-07 · ECI 139.4; 90% interval 134.43–141.52Qwen3-235B-A22B · 2025-04-28 · ECI 139.36; 90% interval 135.59–140.99DeepSeek-R1 · 2025-01-20 · ECI 138.98; 90% interval 136.62–140.38Qwen3-235B-A22B-Instruct (Jul 2025) · 2025-07-25 · ECI 138.93; 90% interval 136.19–140.82Qwen3-32B · 2025-04-29 · ECI 138.52; 90% interval 135.14–140.32Grok 3 · 2025-04-09 · ECI 138.3; 90% interval 135.61–139.8Qwen3-14B · 2025-04-29 · ECI 138.25; 90% interval 133.68–139.84gpt-oss-20b · 2025-08-05 · ECI 137.81; 90% interval 132.89–139.56QwQ-32B · 2025-03-05 · ECI 137.6; 90% interval 133.05–141.72DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-32B · 2025-01-20 · ECI 137.43; 90% interval 126.69–138.7Qwen3-30B-A3B-Instruct (Jul 2025) · 2025-07-29 · ECI 137.43; 90% interval 132.32–139.54GPT-4.1 · 2025-04-14 · ECI 136.8; 90% interval 134.21–138.54GPT-4.5 · 2025-02-27 · ECI 136.75; 90% interval 133.97–138.6Qwen3-30B-A3B · 2025-04-29 · ECI 136.19; 90% interval 130.82–138.76Qwen3-8B · 2025-04-28 · ECI 136.18; 90% interval 129.58–138.07DeepSeek-V3 (Mar 2025) · 2025-03-24 · ECI 135.95; 90% interval 132.46–138.04o1-mini · 2024-09-12 · ECI 135.83; 90% interval 132.4–137.38DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-14B · 2025-01-20 · ECI 135.43; 90% interval 127.36–138.05Gemini 2.0 Pro · 2025-02-05 · ECI 135.06; 90% interval 131.28–136.85GPT-4.1 mini · 2025-04-14 · ECI 135.02; 90% interval 131.5–136.71o1-preview · 2024-09-12 · ECI 134.79; 90% interval 131.47–138.65Mistral Medium 3 · 2025-05-07 · ECI 134.08; 90% interval 130.69–135.57Gemini 2.5 Flash-Lite (Jun 2025) · 2025-06-17 · ECI 133.93; 90% interval 130.4–136.41Claude 3.5 Sonnet (October 2024) · 2024-10-22 · ECI 133.55; 90% interval 128.63–137.61Magistral Small 1.0 · 2025-06-10 · ECI 133.19; 90% interval 129.42–134.52Qwen2.5-Max · 2025-01-25 · ECI 132.54; 90% interval 128.45–135.82DeepSeek-V3 · 2024-12-26 · ECI 132.35; 90% interval 128.05–135.89Llama 4 Maverick · 2025-04-06 · ECI 132.2; 90% interval 128.31–134.35Mistral Small 3.2 · 2025-06-20 · ECI 131.74; 90% interval 127.19–133.73Gemini 1.5 Pro (Sept 2024) · 2024-09-24 · ECI 131.73; 90% interval 128.35–133.24Magistral Small 1.2 · 2025-09-18 · ECI 131.41; 90% interval 126.27–133.53Grok-2 (Dec 2024) · 2024-12-12 · ECI 130.48; 90% interval 126.47–132.12Gemma 3 27B · 2025-03-12 · ECI 130.04; 90% interval 124.64–132.17Claude 3.5 Sonnet · 2024-06-20 · ECI 130; interval not supplied for this anchorLlama 4 Scout · 2025-04-05 · ECI 129.64; 90% interval 124.84–131.45GPT-4.1 nano · 2025-04-14 · ECI 129.62; 90% interval 124.04–132Gemini 1.5 Flash (Sep 2024) · 2024-09-24 · ECI 129.36; 90% interval 124.03–131.09Qwen2.5-72B · 2024-09-19 · ECI 129; 90% interval 123.98–130.7GPT-4o (May 2024) · 2024-05-13 · ECI 128.97; 90% interval 124.43–131.59GPT-4o (Nov 2024) · 2024-11-20 · ECI 128.81; 90% interval 124.92–130.93GPT-4o (Aug 2024) · 2024-08-06 · ECI 128.77; 90% interval 124.39–130.6Llama 3.1-405B · 2024-07-23 · ECI 128.75; 90% interval 124.39–130.57Qwen2.5-32B · 2024-09-17 · ECI 128.52; 90% interval 123.16–130.09Mistral Large 2 (Nov 2024) · 2024-11-18 · ECI 128.52; 90% interval 124.19–130.55Mistral Large 2 (Jul 2024) · 2024-07-24 · ECI 127.54; 90% interval 123.07–129.64Mistral Small 3.1 · 2025-03-17 · ECI 127.48; 90% interval 122.92–129.28Llama 3.3 70B · 2024-12-06 · ECI 127.32; 90% interval 122.68–129.67GPT-4 Turbo (Apr 2024) · 2024-04-09 · ECI 127.25; 90% interval 122.46–128.93Claude 3.5 Haiku · 2024-10-22 · ECI 127.15; 90% interval 121.02–129.64Mistral Small 3 · 2025-01-30 · ECI 127.07; 90% interval 122.41–129.01Claude 3 Opus · 2024-02-29 · ECI 126.91; 90% interval 121.74–130.11Gemini 1.5 Pro (May 2024) · 2024-05-14 · ECI 126.9; 90% interval 122.52–129.03GPT-4o mini · 2024-07-18 · ECI 126.56; 90% interval 121.2–128.53GPT-4 Turbo (Nov 2023) · 2024-01-25 · ECI 126.45; 90% interval 121.78–128.95Llama 3.1-70B · 2024-07-23 · ECI 125.91; 90% interval 121.1–128.39GPT-4 (Mar 2023) · 2023-03-14 · ECI 125.88; 90% interval 120.22–130.04Llama 3.2 90B · 2024-09-24 · ECI 125.5; 90% interval 120.49–127.47Qwen2-72B · 2024-06-07 · ECI 125.27; 90% interval 119.75–126.9DeepSeek-V2 (MoE-236B, May 2024) · 2024-05-07 · ECI 124.77; 90% interval 118.57–127.57Gemma 3 12B · 2025-03-12 · ECI 123.46; 90% interval 116.21–128.73GPT-4 (Jun 2023) · 2023-06-13 · ECI 123.1; 90% interval 117.72–126.7Llama 3-70B · 2024-04-18 · ECI 122.91; 90% interval 117.38–125.73Gemini 1.5 Flash (May 2024) · 2024-05-23 · ECI 122.57; 90% interval 116.81–124.7Gemma 2 27B · 2024-06-24 · ECI 122.05; 90% interval 115.94–124.18Mixtral 8x22B · 2024-04-17 · ECI 122; 90% interval 115.86–124.39Mistral Large · 2024-02-26 · ECI 121.99; 90% interval 114.74–124.93phi-3-small 7.4B · 2024-04-23 · ECI 121.8; 90% interval 114.95–124.24phi-3-medium 14B · 2024-04-23 · ECI 121.19; 90% interval 115.17–123.87Claude 3 Sonnet · 2024-02-29 · ECI 120.68; 90% interval 113.89–123.5Claude Instant · 2023-08-09 · ECI 120.21; 90% interval 113.43–122.93Claude 2 · 2023-07-11 · ECI 120.09; 90% interval 114.21–123.8Gemma 2 9B · 2024-06-24 · ECI 119.8; 90% interval 112.44–122.31Qwen2.5-Coder-32B · 2024-09-18 · ECI 119.43; 90% interval 110.31–125.07Claude 2.1 · 2023-11-21 · ECI 119.22; 90% interval 113.07–121.92Mistral NeMo · 2024-07-18 · ECI 118.65; 90% interval 111.96–121.85GPT-3.5 Turbo (Nov 2023) · 2023-11-06 · ECI 118.5; 90% interval 108.73–121.55Qwen2.5-7B · 2024-09-19 · ECI 118.45; 90% interval 111.07–121.28Mixtral 8x7B · 2023-12-11 · ECI 118.4; 90% interval 111.79–121.15Claude 3 Haiku · 2024-03-07 · ECI 118.3; 90% interval 111.75–121.5Ministral 3B · 2024-10-16 · ECI 118.06; 90% interval 107.01–121.85phi-3-mini 3.8B · 2024-04-23 · ECI 117.27; 90% interval 109.44–120.54Gemini 1.0 Pro · 2023-12-13 · ECI 116.97; 90% interval 110.31–119.74Llama 3.1-8B · 2024-07-23 · ECI 116.51; 90% interval 105.95–121.71Llama 3-8B · 2024-04-18 · ECI 116.36; 90% interval 108.36–119.1Qwen2.5-Coder-14B · 2024-09-18 · ECI 116.3; 90% interval 106.61–122.34Gemma 3 4B · 2025-03-12 · ECI 115.97; 90% interval 97.45–123.39GPT-3.5 Turbo (Jan 2024) · 2024-01-25 · ECI 115.62; 90% interval 107.2–119.14PaLM 2-L · 2023-05-17 · ECI 114.9; 90% interval 105.47–127.71Llama 2-70B · 2023-07-18 · ECI 113.65; 90% interval 106.09–117.31GPT-3.5 Turbo (Jun 2023) · 2023-06-13 · ECI 113.21; 90% interval 105.97–117.89Qwen2.5-Coder (7B) · 2024-09-18 · ECI 113; 90% interval 101.97–118.44Qwen-14B · 2023-09-24 · ECI 112.88; 90% interval 105.14–117.16Mistral 7B v0.1 · 2023-09-27 · ECI 112.05; 90% interval 103.93–116.19Falcon-180B · 2023-09-06 · ECI 111.97; 90% interval 104.16–118.52internlm-20b · 2023-09-18 · ECI 111.92; 90% interval 103.27–117.01Gemma 7B · 2024-02-21 · ECI 111.82; 90% interval 103.19–116.2DeepSeek LLM 67B · 2023-11-29 · ECI 110.55; 90% interval 93.83–117.03LLaMA-65B · 2023-02-24 · ECI 109.98; 90% interval 102.15–114.27Falcon 2 11B · 2024-05-09 · ECI 109.36; 90% interval 101.39–115.43Mistral 7B v0.3 · 2024-05-27 · ECI 108.81; 90% interval 98.65–112.44DeepSeek-Coder-V2-Lite-Base · 2024-06-13 · ECI 108.68; 90% interval 99.7–113.87PaLM 2-M · 2023-05-17 · ECI 108.08; 90% interval 99.26–115.99Phi-2 · 2023-12-12 · ECI 107.73; 90% interval 88.55–113.35Qwen2.5-Coder-3B · 2024-09-18 · ECI 107.52; 90% interval 94.3–115.58Yi-9B · 2024-03-01 · ECI 107.39; 90% interval 98.62–114.57LLaMA-33B · 2023-02-24 · ECI 107.18; 90% interval 99–112.24Qwen-7B · 2023-09-28 · ECI 106.59; 90% interval 95.55–112.2Llama 2-13B · 2023-07-18 · ECI 105.93; 90% interval 96.7–111.03PaLM 2-S · 2023-05-17 · ECI 105.92; 90% interval 97.66–113.71Llama 2-34B · 2023-07-18 · ECI 104.94; 90% interval 95.48–110.32Falcon-40B · 2023-05-25 · ECI 104.18; 90% interval 94.62–109.74Qwen2.5-Coder (1.5B) · 2024-09-18 · ECI 102.71; 90% interval 88.02–110.25internlm-7b · 2023-07-05 · ECI 102.58; 90% interval 91.92–109.22Llama 3.2 1B · 2024-09-24 · ECI 102.43; 90% interval 91.24–109.91LLaMA-13B · 2023-02-24 · ECI 100.26; 90% interval 89.93–106.41Llama 2-7B · 2023-07-18 · ECI 98.72; 90% interval 88.42–105.23chatglm2-6b · 2023-06-24 · ECI 98.6; 90% interval 83.28–105.31LLaMA-7B · 2023-02-24 · ECI 96.32; 90% interval 85.32–103.57Falcon-7B · 2023-04-24 · ECI 94.7; 90% interval 83.52–101.96CodeQwen1.5-7B · 2024-04-15 · ECI 94.46; 90% interval 81.41–102.8vicuna-13b-v1.1 · 2023-04-12 · ECI 94.26; 90% interval 80.79–102.31Gemma 2B · 2024-02-21 · ECI 93.8; 90% interval 82.78–100.32Qwen-1_8B · 2023-11-30 · ECI 92.51; 90% interval 70.92–100.95open_llama_7b · 2023-06-07 · ECI 91.21; 90% interval 79.11–99.45Phi-1.5 · 2023-09-11 · ECI 91.08; 90% interval 68.51–100.38RedPajama-INCITE-7B-Base · 2023-05-04 · ECI 89.96; 90% interval 76.67–98.05Qwen2.5-Coder-0.5B · 2024-09-18 · ECI 87.66; 90% interval 62.09–99.7stablelm-tuned-alpha-7b · 2023-04-19 · ECI 54.83; 90% interval 31.39–72.75

Epoch’s index · 264 model scores · one reviewed snapshot

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